Book Shepherd

Signals

Time Order

First,... First of all,... Second,... Third,... Next,... After that,... Then ... Finally,...

Space Order

On the right,... On the left,... In the center,... In the middle,...

Next to the

Between the_

Opposite the_

Near the_,

Under the_,

Above the_,

On one side of the_

On the other side of the

Conclusions

For these reasons,...

Listing

First,... First of all,... Second,... Third,... Fourth,... Also,... ...also... In addition,...

Reasons

The first reason is (that)... The second reason is (that) ... The most important reason is (that)...

Examples

Opinions

In my opinion,... In my view,... According to_, ...

Appendix D: Sometimes a word is too long to fit on a line, so you must divide the word Word write part of it on one line and the rest of it on the next line below (after

Division skipping a line, of course!). Put a hyphen (-) after the first part of the word.

Where should you divide a word? Here are some basic guidelines:

1. Always divide a word between syllables. If you are not sure where the syllables are, look the word up in a dictionary. A dictionary shows syllabic divisions with a small dot:

irvterna-tiotval com-mu-ni-ca-tion sci-ence class-mate re-write house (cannot be divided)

Here are two hints:

a. Divide after a vowel:

ho-nor (not horror) spe-cial (not spec-ial)

ra-pid (not rap-id) deco-rate (not dec orate)

b. Divide between a double consonant (mm, nn, 11, pp, etc.):

col-lege embarrass corn-mute sit-ting

but keep word roots together:

tall-est sell-ing

2. Divide hyphenated words (part-time, mother-in-law, only after the hyphen:

mother-in-law (not mo-ther-in-law)

3. Leave at least two letters on a line. For example, don't divide these words:

e-rase wind-y

Appendix E

Dividing Words

Use a dictionary to do this exercise. Work by yourself or with a partner.

1. Show with hyphens where these words can be divided. Look them up in a dictionary if you are not sure.

2. Some words cannot be divided; put an X in the space next to them.

j. paragraph k. book

1. bookstore m. unfortunate n. reading o. microwave p. appointment q. non-credit r. businessman

Appendix E: Parts of Speech

Students and teachers use special vocabulary to talk about grammar and sentence structure. Each word in a sentence has a name that tells what kind of word it is. These names are the parts of speech.

parts of speech

Noun Names a person, place, or thing; is used as a subject or as an object	Alice, book, friendship, fear, island, Cuba Alice wrote a book of poems for her friend.
Pronoun Replaces a noun	he, 1, them, it, ours, yours, us, this,
	that
	She wroteJt for him.

parts of speech (continued)

Verb	Tells action, feeling,	write, is writing, wrote, was
	condition	writing, can write, has written, is
		going to write
		How many paragraphs have we
		written?
		1 am going to write a letter tonight
or	Links the subject	is, was, has been, seem, appear, feel,
	with the rest of	look, taste, smell
	the sentence	The old man appeared to be sleeping.
		(Note: To be is an infinitive. It is
		not like a verb that can change its
		form.)
Article	Makes a noun	the (specific), a, an (general)
	specific or general	Please take a seat in the front row.
Adjective	Describes a noun	red, hungry, fourth, three, Cuban,
	or pronoun	afraid
		Three daring students were smoking
		Cuban cigars in the school office, but
		they weren't afraid of getting caught
Adverb	Describes a verb,	beautifully, easily, quickly, very, too,
	adjective, or another	here, there, everywhere
	adverb; tells how,	now, then, later, often, sometimes
	where, or when	The students put out their cigars very
		quickly and left there immediately.
Preposition	Shows a relationship	in, on, at, around, from, by, with, of,
	such as time,	because of, next to, according to
	location, reason	(2 words)
		The headmaster of the school came
		into the room and looked under the
		table for the students.

parts of speech (continued)

Coordinating conjunction	Connects equal elements	and, but, or, so, for, nor, yet He didn't find them, so he left
Subordinating conjunction	Is the first word in a dependent clause; it makes the clause dependent	when, because, if, although, who, which, that He didn't find them because they had already left

Practice identifying the parts of speech in any of the sentences in this book.